What methods does ATC primarily use to communicate with pilots?

The primary methods used by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to communicate with pilots are VHF radio and visual signals. VHF radio communication is the most common method because it allows for real-time, direct communication between air traffic controllers and pilots, facilitating clear and immediate exchanges of information regarding flight instructions, weather updates, and any other pertinent details.

Visual signals are also important, particularly in situations where radio communication might be limited or as a supplementary method when aircraft are in close proximity to an airport or during ground operations. These signals can include light signals from the control tower, which can convey important instructions to pilots if radio communication fails or is not feasible.

The combination of VHF radio and visual signals ensures that ATC can maintain an effective line of communication with pilots, which is crucial for maintaining safety and efficiency in air traffic management. Other methods such as text messaging, phone calls, satellite communications, emails, intercom systems, or written instructions are generally not used as primary means of communication in operational ATC environments.